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中国中医科学院针灸研究所,北京100700
Received:03 June 2025,
Revised:2025-11-25,
Online First:06 May 2026,
Published:25 May 2026
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李雅静,朱溶瑾,宿杨帅,等.电针“足三里”恢复糖尿病前期血糖稳态的效应机制研究[J].针刺研究,2026,51(5):545-558.
LI Ya-jing,ZHU Rong-jin,SU Yang-shuai,et al.Study on the underlying mechanisms of electroacupuncture at “Zusanli” (ST36) in restoring blood glucose homeostasis in prediabetes mice[J].Acupuncture Research,
李雅静,朱溶瑾,宿杨帅,等.电针“足三里”恢复糖尿病前期血糖稳态的效应机制研究[J].针刺研究,2026,51(5):545-558. DOI: 10.13702/j.1000-0607.20250584.
LI Ya-jing,ZHU Rong-jin,SU Yang-shuai,et al.Study on the underlying mechanisms of electroacupuncture at “Zusanli” (ST36) in restoring blood glucose homeostasis in prediabetes mice[J].Acupuncture Research, DOI:10.13702/j.1000⁃0607.20250584.
目的
2
观察电针“足三里”对急性高糖、低风险及高风险糖尿病前期小鼠的血糖调控效应,并初步探讨电针调节低风险糖尿病前期胰岛β细胞功能的作用机制。
方法
2
本研究分为急性高糖、低风险糖尿病前期、高风险糖尿病前期3部分实验,每部分实验中将C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、电针组,急性高糖和高风险糖尿病前期实验每组6只,低风险糖尿病前期实验每组18只。急性高糖实验中,采用腹腔注射2 g/kg葡萄糖溶液制备模型;电针组小鼠予以双侧“足三里”行1次电针干预,持续20 min。低风险糖尿病前期实验中,采用高脂喂养1周制备模型;自第4天达糖尿病前期血糖受损标准起,对电针组小鼠行电针干预,参数同上,每日1次,共4次。高风险糖尿病前期实验中,采用高脂喂养8周制备模型;造模4周后对电针组小鼠行电针干预,参数同上,每周3次,共12次。采用血糖仪检测小鼠血糖及糖耐量;酶联免疫吸附法检测血清糖化血红蛋白、胰岛素、胰高血糖素含量;HE染色法观察胰腺形态变化;分离胰岛β细胞并以PCR法检测胰岛β细胞标志物的表达;Western blot法检测胰岛β细胞中内质网应激(ATF6、ERN1、EIF2AK3)、细胞衰老(P21)、乙酰胆碱受体(M2-AchR、M3-AchR)蛋白表达水平;免疫荧光染色法检测胰腺组织中胰岛β细胞衰老标志物P21、胰内神经节及迷走神经背核(DMV)中支配胰腺的乙酰胆碱转移酶(ChAT
+
)神经元中c-fos阳性表
达。
结果
2
急性高糖实验中,与正常组相比,模型组小鼠血糖升高(
P
<
0.001),血清胰岛素含量增加(
P
<
0.05);与模型组相比,电针组小鼠30、60 min血糖均降低(
P
<
0.01),血清胰岛素含量增加(
P
<
0.05)。低风险糖尿病前期实验中,与正常组相比,模型组小鼠造模第3天血糖升高(
P
<
0.001),糖耐量升高(
P<
0.05,
P<
0.01),胰岛β细胞中M2-AchR和M3-AchR乙酰胆碱受体蛋白表达水平降低(
P
<
0.05),ATF6、ERN1、EIF2AK3蛋白表达水平升高(
P
<
0.01,
P
<
0.05),P21蛋白表达水平增加(
P
<
0.05),Insulin
+
/P21
+
共标细胞数量增加(
P
<
0.01);与模型组相比,电针组小鼠血糖在第4、6、7天降低(
P
<
0.001,
P
<
0.01),糖耐量降低(
P
<
0.05,
P<
0.01),血清胰岛素含量增加(
P
<
0.05),胰内神经节及DMV中支配胰腺的ChAT
+
/c-fos
+
共标神经元增多(
P
<
0.05),胰岛β细胞中M2-AchR和M3-AchR乙酰胆碱受体蛋白表达水平升高(
P
<
0.01,
P
<
0.05),ATF6、ERN1、EIF2AK3蛋白表达水平降低(
P
<
0.01,
P
<
0.05),P21蛋白表达水平降低(
P
<
0.05),Insulin
+
/P21
+
共标细胞数量减少(
P
<
0.01)。高风险糖尿病前期实验中,与正常组相比,模型组小鼠造模1周的血糖升高(
P
<
0.001),糖耐量升高(
P
<
0.05,
P
<
0.01),血清糖化血红蛋白升高(
P
<
0.05),胰岛体积增大,血清胰岛素含量升高(
P
<
0.01),血清胰高血糖素含量降低(
P
<
0.05);与模型组相比,电针组小鼠血糖在第5、6周降低(
P
<
0.01,
P
<
0.05),胰岛体积略缩小,血清胰岛素和胰高血糖素均降低(
P
<
0.01,
P
<
0.05)。
结论
2
电针“足三里”可恢复血糖平衡且最优效应阶段为低风险糖尿病前期,其机制可能与激活迷走神经抑制胰岛β细胞内质网应激有关。
Objective
2
To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) at “Zusanli” (ST36) on blood glucose in acute hyperglycemia (AH), low-risk prediabetes (LRP) and high-risk prediabetes (HRP) mice, and to explore its underlying mechanisms in regulating the function of pancreatic β - cells in LRP.
Methods
2
This study included 3 (AH, LRP and HRP) experiments. In each part of the experiments, C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into normal, model and EA groups, with 6 mice in each group in AH and HRP experiments, and 18 mice in LRP experiment. The AH model was established by intraperitoneal injection of 2 g/kg glucose solution. After injection, EA (1 mA, 10 Hz) was applied to bilateral “Zusanli” (ST36) for 20 min. The LRP model was established by feeding the mice with high-fat diet for 1 week. From the 4
th
day when the impaired glucose tolerance criteria of prediabetes were reached, EA was applied to bilateral ST36, with the parameters being the same as above, once a day for a total of 4 times. In the HRP experiment, the animal model was established by feeding the mice with a high-fat diet for 8 weeks. Four weeks after beginning of the modeling, EA intervention (1 mA, 10 Hz) was performed at ST36 for 20 min, 3 times a week for a total of 12 times. Blood glucose and glucose tolerance were measured using a glucose meter, and serum glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), insulin, and glucagon levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Changes of the pancreatic morphology were examined by HE staining. The expression levels of activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1 (ERN1), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3 (EIF2AK3), p21 (a cell cycle factor in cellular senescence), muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 (M2-AchR) and M3-AchR in the pancreatic β-cells were detected using Western blot, and the expression levels of pancreatic and duodenal homeobox factor-1 (PDX-1), beta-cell-specific transcription factor (MAFA) and forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) mRNAs in the pancreatic β-cells detected using quantitative real-time PCR. The insulin
+
/P21
+
co-positive cells, and the number of ChAT
+
/c-fos
+
co-labeled neurons in the pancreatic ganglia and CTB647/ChAT
+
/c-fo
s
+
co-labeled neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) innervating the pancreas were determined using fluorescent immunohistochemistry.
Results
2
1) In the AH experiment, compared to the normal group, the blood glucose level in the model group was significantly increased 15 min after modeling (
P
<
0.001), without pathological damage in the pancreas, and the serum insulin level was significantly increased after modeling (
P
<
0.05). In comparison with the model group, the blood glucose levels at 30, and 60 min were significantly reduced (all
P
<
0.01), while the serum insulin content was considerably increased (
P
<
0.05) in the EA group, suggesting that EA lowered blood glucose by increasing stress-induced insulin level. 2) In the LRP experiment, compared to the normal group, the blood glucose levels from the 3
rd
day to the 7
th
day, and the glucose tolerance from 15 to 120 min were significantly elevated in the model group (
P
<
0.001,
P
<
0.05,
P
<
0.01). No significant changes were found in the serum HbA1c, serum insulin and glucagon levels and in the morphological result of the pancreas tissue in the model group. In comparison with the model group, the blood glucose levels on day 4, 6 and 7, the glucose tolerance at 15, 30, 60 and 120 min were strikingly decreased (
P
<
0.001,
P
<
0.01,
P
<
0.05), while the serum insulin content was notably increased (
P
<
0.05) in the EA group. No significant changes were found in the serum HbA1c and glucagon levels after EA intervention. 3) In the HRP experiment, compared to the normal group, the blood glucose levels from 1 to 8 weeks, the glucose tolerance levels at 15, 30, 60 and 120 min, HbA1c and insulin levels were significantly increased (
P
<
0.001,
P
<
0.05,
P
<
0.01), whereas the serum glucagon level was notably decreased (
P
<
0.05) in the model group, accompanied with an increase of the pancreatic islet volume. Following EA intervention, the blood glucose at the 5
th
and 6
th
week, insulin and glucagon levels were considerably down-regulated in the EA group (
P
<
0.01,
P
<
0.05), accompanied with a slight decrease of the pancreatic islet volume. 4) In LRP mice, in comparison with the normal group, the expression levels of M2-AchR and M3-AchR protein were significantly decreased (
P
<
0.05), while the expression levels of ATF6, ERN1, EIF2AK3, P21 and the number of insulin
+
/P21
+
positive cells in the pancreas tissue were significantly increased (
P
<
0.01,
P
<
0.05) in the model group. In contrast to the model group, the EA group had an obvious increase in the number of CTB647/ChAT
+
/c-fos
+
co-labeled neurons in the DMV and ChAT
+
/c-fos
+
co-labeled neurons in the pancreatic ganglia, and the expression of M2-AchR and M3-AchR protein (
P
<
0.05,
P
<
0.01), and a notable down-regulation in the expression levels of ATF6, ERN1, EIF2AK3 and P21 proteins and in the number of pancreatic insulin
+
/P21
+
positive cells (
P
<
0.01,
P
<
0.05). No significant changes were found in the number of CTB647/ChAT
+
/c-fos
+
co-labeled neurons in the DMV and ChAT
+
/c-fos
+
co-labeled neurons in the pancreatic ganglia in the model group, and in the mRNA expression levels of pancreatic PDX1, MAFA and FOXO1 in both model and EA groups.
Conclusion
2
EA at ST36 can promote the restoration of blood glucose balance in the AH, LRP and HRP stages in mice, with the most effective phase being the LRP. The underlying mechanism may be related to its functions in activating vagus nerve to inhibit the endoplasmic reticulum stress in pancreatic β-cells.
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